Es sorprendente la capacidad que tienen las arañas cangrejo (Thomisus onustus) para cambiar de color dependiendo de la planta en la que se encuentran. La gran variedad de colores que pueden exhibir, desde el blanco al rojo intenso, pasado por el amarillo y el violeta, el rosado o el marrón, hace pensar que es imposible que se trate de una misma especie.
Esta ventaja hace posible se camuflen a la perfección entre las hojas o las flores que las cobijan y que desarrollen su peculiar estrategia de caza, que consiste en permanecer completamente inmóviles y al acecho, esperando el momento de sorprender a otros insectos que acuden a las flores en busca de polen.
Si hacéis la prueba con cualquier buscador de imágenes comprobaréis la cantidad de colores y formas que puede mostrar esta curiosa araña. Por ejemplo, en este enlace de Google:
http://images.google.es/images?client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&hl=es&q=Thomisus+onustus&btnG=Buscar+im%C3%A1genes&gbv=2&aq=f&oq
…o este otro haciendo una búsqueda en Fotonatura:
http://www.fotonatura.org/galerias/search/?txt=Thomisus+onustus&gal=0
Es considerada una especie polífaga, ya que se alimenta de diferentes especies de artrópodos pertenecientes al menos a 4 órdenes distintos. No obstante, sus preferencias son claras: más del 90% de sus presas suelen ser Himenópteros y Dípteros, aunque también destacan por consumir frecuentemente hormigas y mariposas. Más de la mitad de los insectos que capturan suelen ser de doble tamaño que las arañas, lo que dice mucho de su tremenda voracidad y fuerza.
Permanecen inmóviles a la espera de que lleguen sus presas, a las que abrazan mortalmente atrapándolas con sus patas delanteras, más largas y capaces de ejercer una gran presión hacia el abdomen para inmovilizarlas. Las otras patas son más cortas, adaptadas para asirse firmemente y resistir los envites de esos enormes insectos.
Una vez han capturado sus presas deben retenerlas durante varios minutos. El primer muerdo suele ser detrás de la cabeza y una dosis de veneno inmoviliza y mata a su presa casi de inmediato.
A continuación inyectan en su cuerpo enzimas digestivas que disuelven sus órganos internos y que son succionados después. Esta peculiar manera de alimentarse se debe a que sus mandíbulas (quelíceros) no están lo suficientemente desarrolladas como para morder hasta matar, ni tampoco para masticar desmenuzando sus presas.
Su capacidad para camuflarse puede tener dos posibles interpretaciones. Aunque nosotros veamos que los colores de las arañas son muy similares a las plantas en las que se encuentran, en realidad su esfuerzo debería estar principalmente dirigido a pasar desapercibidas para los insectos de los que se alimentan, cuya visión se encuentra en el rango ultravioleta. Por tanto, su perfecto camuflaje podría interpretarse más como una defensa contra sus propios predadores (básicamente las aves) que como una estrategia de ocultación frente a sus presas. Sería curioso poder fotografiar a estas arañas en la gama ultravioleta y ver de qué modo se asemejan a las flores en las que se esconden y si el camuflaje también funciona a esa longitud de onda para no ser descubiertas por sus presas. En este enlace podéis ver cómo cambia radicalmente el color de las flores cuando se ven en ultravioleta, que es en realidad como observan el mundo los insectos:
http://www.naturfotograf.com/index2.html (en la barra lateral a aparece un enlace a “UV flowers” y casi al final del página principal otro denominado “Flowers in ultraviolet, by plant family”).
Esto sí que es alucinante! De repente, una flor que para nuestra visión es completamente amarilla, resulta que los insectos la verían blanca y con el centro rojo, adornada además por líneas muy marcadas que la hacen aún más llamativa y dirigen su atención hacia sus órganos reproductores. En fin….las plantas son otra galaxia!
Los cambios de color de la araña cangrejo están relacionados con la presencia de cristales de guanidina bajo su piel unida a la producción de pigmentos de diferente color. Sin ninguna influencia, la araña cangrejo es de color blanco y tras varios días en un ambiente con predominio de otros colores, acaba produciendo pigmentos que la asemejan a los de su entorno. Un mismo ejemplar puede cambiar de color en varias ocasiones si cambia de ambiente (puede estar amarilla mientras permanece en la flor de una compuesta y dos semanas después mostrarse casi roja en una flor de brezo).
Otro aspecto muy curioso de esta especie es el marcado dimorfismo sexual, con hembras de gran tamaño y machos diminutos en comparación, algo que es frecuente en otras familias de arácnidos.
Las imágenes corresponden a dos ejemplares que fotografié el mismo día, ambos en las flores de la misma planta, que creo que se trata de Urginea maritima, muy parecida a los Asphodelus (gamones) pero que florece en plano verano y durante el otoño. El equipo utilizado para hacer las fotos fue la Nikon D300 con el Tamron 90mm y los anillos de extensión (hice pruebas con todas las posibles combinaciones, incluso con los tres anillos). Me ayudé con el flash de la cámara....ese día me olvidé en casa el flash anular!
Los dos ejemplares son hembras, y por el tamaño de su abdomen creo que ambas estaban a punto de poner sus huevos. Una de ellas capturó un pequeño himenóptero.
Dehesa de "Tres Arroyos" (Badajoz)
Thomisus onustus, the queen of camouflage
I am surprised by the ability of the spider crab (Thomisus onustus) to change color depending on the plant where they are living. The spider can produce a variety of colors, from white to red, passed through the yellow and purple, pink or brown, and it is impossible to believe that they are always the same species.
This advantage allows the spiders to hide perfectly among the leaves or flowers and develop their unique predatory strategy, which is to remain completely motionless, waiting the moment to surprise other insects that visit flowers for pollen.
If you do an image search on the net is easy to see the many colors and forms that can show this curious spider. For example, this link from Google:
http://images.google.es/images?client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla% 3Aes-ES% 3Aofficial & hl = en & q = Thomisus + onustus & btnG = Buscar + im% C3% A1genes GBV & 2 = & aq = f & oq
... or doing a search on Fotonatura:
http://www.fotonatura.org/galerias/search/?txt=Thomisus onustus + = 0 & gal
It is considered a polyphagous species, which feeds on different species of arthropods belonging to at least 4 different orders. However, his preferences are clear: more than 90% of their prey are usually Hymenoptera and Diptera, but also often consume ants and butterflies. More than half of the insects they catch are often twice the size of the spiders and that show his tremendous strength and voracity.
The spiders are waiting to reach their prey, which embrace fatally entangle their front legs, longer and able to exert great pressure on the abdomen to detain. The other legs are shorter and adapted to firmly grasp their prey and prevent escape.
Once the spiders have captured their prey must hold for several minutes. The first bite is often behind the head and a dose of poison immobilizes and kills its prey almost immediately.
Then injected into the body of their victims digestive enzymes that dissolve their internal organs and are finally are sucked. This unusual way of feeding is because their jaws (chelicerae) are not sufficiently developed in order to kill biting, chewing or breaking their prey.
Their ability to camouflage has two possible interpretations. Although we see that the spiders show similar colors to plants where they are, in fact, their efforts should be directed mainly to escape the insects which they feed, whose vision is in the ultraviolet range. Therefore, the perfect camouflage could be interpreted more as a defense against their own predators (primarily birds) and not as a strategy to avoid being seen by their prey. It would be interesting to photograph these spiders in the ultraviolet range and see if their colors are like the flowers that hide in, and whether their camouflage is effective at that wavelength to be detected by their prey. In this link you can see how radically changes the color of the flowers when viewed in ultraviolet, which is how they are viewed by insects:
http://www.naturfotograf.com/index2.html (in the sidebar you will find a link to "UV flowers," and almost at the end of the main page another link called "Flowers in ultraviolet, by plant family).
This really is amazing! Suddenly, a flower may be completely yellow to our eyes, but for the insects would be completely white and with the center red, adorned also by very strong lines that make it even more appealing and draw attention to their reproductive organs. Anyway.... plants are another galaxy!
Changes in color of the spider crab are related to the presence of guanidine crystals under their skin attached to the production of pigments of different color. Without any influence, the spider crab is white and after several days in an environment with predominance of other colors, producing pigment that resembles those of their surroundings. A single individual can change color several times if their environment changes.
Another curious aspect of this species is marked sexual dimorphism, with large females and males tiny in comparison, something that is common in other families of arachnids.
The images correspond to two individuals that I photographed the same day, both in the flowers of the same plant, which I think is Urginea maritima, a plant that blooms in summer and during the autumn. The equipment used for taking pictures was the Nikon D300 and the Tamron 90mm with extension rings (I tested all possible combinations, even with the three rings). Also I used the camera’s flash.
I am surprised by the ability of the spider crab (Thomisus onustus) to change color depending on the plant where they are living. The spider can produce a variety of colors, from white to red, passed through the yellow and purple, pink or brown, and it is impossible to believe that they are always the same species.
This advantage allows the spiders to hide perfectly among the leaves or flowers and develop their unique predatory strategy, which is to remain completely motionless, waiting the moment to surprise other insects that visit flowers for pollen.
If you do an image search on the net is easy to see the many colors and forms that can show this curious spider. For example, this link from Google:
http://images.google.es/images?client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla% 3Aes-ES% 3Aofficial & hl = en & q = Thomisus + onustus & btnG = Buscar + im% C3% A1genes GBV & 2 = & aq = f & oq
... or doing a search on Fotonatura:
http://www.fotonatura.org/galerias/search/?txt=Thomisus onustus + = 0 & gal
It is considered a polyphagous species, which feeds on different species of arthropods belonging to at least 4 different orders. However, his preferences are clear: more than 90% of their prey are usually Hymenoptera and Diptera, but also often consume ants and butterflies. More than half of the insects they catch are often twice the size of the spiders and that show his tremendous strength and voracity.
The spiders are waiting to reach their prey, which embrace fatally entangle their front legs, longer and able to exert great pressure on the abdomen to detain. The other legs are shorter and adapted to firmly grasp their prey and prevent escape.
Once the spiders have captured their prey must hold for several minutes. The first bite is often behind the head and a dose of poison immobilizes and kills its prey almost immediately.
Then injected into the body of their victims digestive enzymes that dissolve their internal organs and are finally are sucked. This unusual way of feeding is because their jaws (chelicerae) are not sufficiently developed in order to kill biting, chewing or breaking their prey.
Their ability to camouflage has two possible interpretations. Although we see that the spiders show similar colors to plants where they are, in fact, their efforts should be directed mainly to escape the insects which they feed, whose vision is in the ultraviolet range. Therefore, the perfect camouflage could be interpreted more as a defense against their own predators (primarily birds) and not as a strategy to avoid being seen by their prey. It would be interesting to photograph these spiders in the ultraviolet range and see if their colors are like the flowers that hide in, and whether their camouflage is effective at that wavelength to be detected by their prey. In this link you can see how radically changes the color of the flowers when viewed in ultraviolet, which is how they are viewed by insects:
http://www.naturfotograf.com/index2.html (in the sidebar you will find a link to "UV flowers," and almost at the end of the main page another link called "Flowers in ultraviolet, by plant family).
This really is amazing! Suddenly, a flower may be completely yellow to our eyes, but for the insects would be completely white and with the center red, adorned also by very strong lines that make it even more appealing and draw attention to their reproductive organs. Anyway.... plants are another galaxy!
Changes in color of the spider crab are related to the presence of guanidine crystals under their skin attached to the production of pigments of different color. Without any influence, the spider crab is white and after several days in an environment with predominance of other colors, producing pigment that resembles those of their surroundings. A single individual can change color several times if their environment changes.
Another curious aspect of this species is marked sexual dimorphism, with large females and males tiny in comparison, something that is common in other families of arachnids.
The images correspond to two individuals that I photographed the same day, both in the flowers of the same plant, which I think is Urginea maritima, a plant that blooms in summer and during the autumn. The equipment used for taking pictures was the Nikon D300 and the Tamron 90mm with extension rings (I tested all possible combinations, even with the three rings). Also I used the camera’s flash.
Excelente reportaje Atanasio, como siempre. Que curiosa araña. Un abrazo
ResponderEliminarMenudo reportaje Nacho, algunas son espectaculares. A ver si te vienes algún día al bebedero, que ya estamos haciendo algunas cosillas decentes. Un abrazo
ResponderEliminarEspectacular reportaje ,las fotos son increíbles con una definición y nitidez extremas. Muchas gracias por este regalo que nos das
ResponderEliminarEs una araña muy frecuente en mi jardin.
ResponderEliminarhace años cuando vi la primera, la metí en un vaso para hacerle fotos
http://www.flickr.com/photos/succulentisima/2332228522/
La foto es mala porque era mi primera digital
Observé el cambio de color y sobre todo el cambio de color en esos puntos que tiene en el abdomen.
Posteriormente leí que estas arañas no solo tienen el mimetismo de cambiar de color para camuflarse(Misumena vatia en ese sentido es increíble)sino que también acentúan esos puntos de color del abdomen para asustar a los posibles depredadores...doy fé de que los acentúo en mi presencia... a que parece una cara?
Me ha encantado el reportaje. Las fotos son espectaculares. Y el texto lo mismo
Gracias
Qué gran trabajo y qué interesante es siempre leer tus entradas. Un saludo.
ResponderEliminarQue BLOG con documentacion tan bien detallada y magnificas fotos.
ResponderEliminarTe felicito por tu paciencia
Exceptional series!!! One of your best. Enjoyed the post. Blue Skies.
ResponderEliminar